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| Gender gap is narrowing around the world, report claims Nordic nations are still top of the list for equality, according to World Economic ForumThe gender gap is narrowing across the globe, with large parts of the world moving towards greater equality between the sexes in terms of pay, education, health and political representation, according to a report by the World Economic Forum.Nordic nations, longtime champions of an equal society, topped the list with Iceland, Norway, Finland and Sweden demonstrating "great equality between men and women" in the forum's Global Gender Gap Index.Of the countries surveyed, 59% narrowed the gap in the past year. Denmark, the Philippines, the UK and Sri Lanka stayed at the same ranks as in 2009, keeping them in the top 20.Although Iceland, rated the best nation for gender equality in the world, has seen its economic wealth shattered by recession, the government is committed to levelling society further and introduced laws this year to force companies with more than 50 staff to ensure their management is made up of at least 40% women by September 2013.In Nordic nations, women live longer, have high employment rates and often enjoy generous maternity and paternity schemes. There are more than 1.5 women for every man enrolled in tertiary education.Gender equality, claim the report's authors, boosts growth in both rich and poor countries. The report warned that while gaps were narrowing between men's and women's health and education, women were still left out of the labour market – including salaried and skilled jobs.Klaus Schwab, the chairman of the WEF, said: "Low gender gaps are directly correlated with high economic competitiveness. Women and girls must be treated equally if a country is to grow and prosper."We still need a true gender equality revolution, not only to mobilise a major pool of talent both in terms of volume and quality, but also to create a more compassionate value system within all our institutions."The developing world had some notable success stories. Lesotho, the Philippines and South Africa were more equal than the UK, which was 15th in the global list. Lesotho, which rose two places to 8th, is the only country in sub-Saharan Africa to have no gender gap in either education or health.The emerging economic giants in Asia had some way to go. China dropped a place to 61st because of the prevalence of female foeticide – aborting baby girls because of a cultural preference for boys. This has been exacerbated by the country's one-child policy and the report noted that China's sex ratio at birth fell this year from 0.91 to 0.88 girls for every boy.India fares even worse at 112th with the report warning that "persistent health, education and economic participation gaps will be detrimental to (the country's) growth". The bottom three spots this year went to Pakistan at 132nd, followed by Chad and Yemen at 134th.The US rose to 19th, jumping 12 positions, in part because women now occupy a third of the top jobs in president Barack Obama's administration, compared to a quarter in the last government.There was also a rise in income for American women to almost $35,000 (£22,000) from more than $25,000. While the UK performs well in education and health, its male-to-female ratios in politics and the workforce are low. In terms of wages the UK ranks 78th out of the 134 countries.The poorest performer in the richer democracies appears to be France. It ranks 46th, trailing much poorer nations such as Kazakhstan and Jamaica, and has fallen 28 places since last year due largely to a fall in the number of women in politics despite legislation that requires equal numbers of both sexes on political parties' lists of candidates. mandates that both sexes must be equally represented as candidates on political party lists.GenderEqualityWomenEconomicsGlobal economySocial trendsRandeep Rameshguardian.co.uk © Guardian News & Media Limited 2010 | Use of this content is subject to our Terms & Conditions | More Feeds guardian.co.uk |
Pakistan – the dying democracy | Bilal Hussain Repeated alterations in the constitution to suit different military rulers have left little opportunity for democracy to take rootRecalling the last 63 years of Pakistan's history, democracy is found only as an interval before the arrival of the next military regime. Democracy was doomed when Liaquat Ali Khan, the first elected prime minister, was shot at a public gathering.From there onwards, the balance of power shifted in the favour of the military. An interesting comparison reveals this shift: from 1951 to 1957 India had one prime minister and several army chiefs while during the same period Pakistan had one army chief and several prime ministers.From Ayub Khan to Pervez Musharraf, military rule ruined the state structure of Pakistan as a whole, with only the elite benefiting from the system and no benefit being passed to the general public. Military policies have given the country cross-border and internal terrorism, millions of internally displaced people and a bankrupt national economy. Ironically we are always ready to welcome them again.Although every person in Pakistan, whether in a position of power or not, is very vocal about the very idea of democracy, no collective effort is seen to establish it as an institution. As the political and government culture in Pakistan is a product of its links to the pre-partition British rule, Pakistan's leaders knew best from this inheritance the vice-regal system that made little or no provision for popular awareness or involvement. Consequently, even after more than half a century of the country's independence, we are still entangled in age-old feudal, tribal and panchayat systems.Feudalism is one of the key factors responsible for the weakness of the democratic politics in Pakistan and the supremacy of the bureaucracy. The landed aristocracy has always dominated Pakistan's political, social and economic life. If you look at history it very clearly shows how land reforms introduced in 1953 played a key role in creating a democratic Indian state. On the contrary no such reforms were ever introduced in Pakistan – for which reason the poor masses remain under the control of feudalism. Given the fact that feudalism is prevalent in the rural areas, no investment is allowed in these areas.During the modest time in which democracy has been experimented with in Pakistan, uneducated, unqualified and incapable candidates, from the feudal class – totally incapable of dealing with multifarious problems faced by the country – are elected merely on the basis of their birth in a particular family, caste or place. Political parties voted into power for the purpose of institutionalising democracy blow their own trumpet and that, too, only for their own personal advantages. This, in turn, has marred Pakistani politics with an orgy of corruption, incompetence, spiralling economic decline and chaos.The failure of Pakistan's democratic rulers is evident from the fact that no agrarian reforms have ever been introduced to abolish feudalism. National oppression continues as a festering wound on the body politic of this country. The task of the formation of a modern nation-state is far from being achieved. Issues of electricity shortfall, floods and terrorist activities every now and then have only made things worse.This state of affairs has wrought havoc on the social and economic life of Pakistani society. Even the present theory of "reconciliation" initiated by imperialism is the most blatant and insidious form of class collaboration and is in no manner serving the purpose.The very fabric of democracy that could have been the driving force behind this country becoming one of the most powerful and well-respected countries in the world is now being unravelled before our eyes and we prefer being silent spectators. Alienation and disengagement from politics has already led Pakistan to its lowest ebb of catastrophe and ignominy. It is beyond comprehension why we fail to understand the need of active citizenry, especially from the bourgeoisie, exercising accountability or an effective method of recalling elected representatives if they do not perform.Today, democracy is more seen as a peaceful way of tyranny and suppression; a reductionist version of justice, a fallacious idea of the rule of law and a deceptive concept of equality before law. Those who once comforted themselves that a democratic government would never let all this happen might now abandon a last delusion, that their freedom is inviolable. From liberty to equality, fraternity to sovereignty, an independent judiciary to the rights of the people, all are denied and demonised by the defective democratic system.Opportunities for a fair governance, true democracy and civil society in Pakistan can only flourish when democratic practices are allowed to prevail in form and substance under the supremacy of an unchanged constitution. The repeated alterations in the constitution to suit existing rulers leave no positive memory and little chance for institutions to adapt and support values at the root of democracy.Robert Hutchins rightly said: "The death of democracy is not likely to be an assassination from ambush. It will be a slow extinction from apathy, indifference, and undernourishment." With no moves expected in the right direction any time soon, democracy is, if not already dead, dying in Pakistan.PakistanBilal Hussainguardian.co.uk © Guardian News & Media Limited 2010 | Use of this content is subject to our Terms & Conditions | More Feeds guardian.co.uk |
'Get on the bus to find work' Secretary of State for Work and Pensions Iain Duncan Smith tells Newsnight's Gavin Esler that the unemployed should "get on the bus" in order to find work. news.bbc.co.uk |
French Protests Enter Seventh Week French antigovernment protests stretched into their seventh week, as parliament prepared for this week's vote on a controversial pension-reform bill. online.wsj.com |
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